How to Make a Visual Novel Game in 10 Minutes – Python Ren'Py Tutorial (2024)

Do you have a story idea that you'd like to turn into a novel? How about adding visual appeal and interactivity to that novel?

A Visual Novel might be the game genre you are looking for. And this tutorial is here to help set you up in 10 minutes, with minimal coding experience required. Let's get started!

We will be using the Ren'Py Visual Novel Engine, which is built on top of Python 2.7. As Python itself is a scripting language, you will be able to "script" your visual novel project in Ren'Py.

Since the arrival of Python 3, Python 2.7 has been sunsetted and is no longer actively maintained. Rest assured - Python 2.7 has all the features we need to create an awesome visual novel. Moreover, the newest release of Ren'Py, Ren'Py SDK 7.4, provides a compatibility mode for Python 3. The developers also express the hope of integrating fully with Python 3 in the next release, Ren'Py 8.0.

How to Download and Set up Ren'Py

You can download the latest version of Ren'Py for your operating system (Windows, Mac, Linux) on its official site.

Once you have downloaded and installed Ren'Py, you may open the Ren'Py launcher, select one of the starter projects (Tutorial, The Question) on the left, and click on Launch Project.

Check out the Tutorial to get a sense of the full power of this engine, or The Question to see a very basic visual novel that you can make in 10 minutes.

How to Create a New Project in Ren'Py

Let's create a new project. I called mine Forest Hike🌲, featuring a simple scene where two kids explore a forest trail.

Pay attention to the resolution you choose: The default is 1280 x 720. When we add images, our background images should also conform to these dimensions.

How to Run the Boilerplate Project

Launch the boilerplate project. Press Start from the main menu. After two brief lines of dialogue, the script ends and we are brought back to the main menu.

How to Script Our Project

Let's start scripting our game based on the boilerplate.

Text Editors like Sublime Text and Atom both have syntax highlighting for Ren'Py scripts ending in .rpy. Check out this Sublime Text package and this Atom package.

The two lines of dialogue we saw are located in script.rpy. Open that file and its content should look like the following. Just like in Python, lines that start with # are comments and won't be evaluated as part of the Ren'Py script. The comments and the code below are pretty self-explanatory.

# Declare characters used by this gamedefine e = Character("Eileen")# The game starts herelabel start: # Show a background scene bg room # This shows a character sprite show eileen happy # These display lines of dialogue. e "You've created a new Ren'Py game." e "Once you add a story, pictures, and music, you can release it to the world!" # This ends the game. return

The label is used for control flow, which we will cover in the following section.

The return statement on the last line is what brought us back to the main menu.

How to Declare Characters and Add Dialogues

Let's replace the boilerplate character declaration and dialogues with those from our story. Here is how my story goes:

define laura = Character('Laura')define tom = Character('Tom')label start: laura "Wait up, Tom!" laura "Tom!" laura "I said wait up!" laura "...Tom?" tom "Boo!" laura "Yikes... not again." tom "Are you scared?" laura "Not at all." laura "Running off like that is dangerous, you know." laura "We are in the forest. We could get lost." tom "Okay okay mom. I won't do it again." return

How to Add Images and Transitions

If you aren't an artist yourself, you may consider looking for assets in the creative commons domain. itch.io, a marketplace for indie games, is a great place to look for assets.

I found this set of character sprites for my project. For the background images, I simply applied artistic filters to creative commons pictures, giving real-life pictures a nice watercolor aesthetic.

I put all my images inside game/images. Note that it's okay to use whitespaces in the image file names.

Then we add to script.rpy those images as well as some transitions. Ren'Py applies transitions when it sees keywords like with and at. You can read more about transitions in Ren'Py's ATL (Animation and Transition Language) docs.

label start: scene bg forest day with fade show laura angry laura "Wait up, Tom!" laura "Tom!" laura "I said wait up!" laura "...Tom?" hide laura scene bg forest day with vpunch show tom happy at right with moveinbottom tom "Boo!" show laura angry at left with moveinleft laura "Yikes... not again." tom "Are you scared?" laura "Not at all." show laura sad laura "Running off like that is dangerous, you know." laura "We are in the forest. We could get lost." tom "Okay okay mom. I won't do it again." return

With the addition of visuals, our story is coming together nicely.

How to Add Choices

A game with different branches and endings more than doubles the fun. Adding a choice menu to a Ren'Py script is simple:

menu: "Which way should we go?" "Left": tom "Let's check out the trail on the left!" "Right": tom "Right is always the right way to go!"

How to Use Python Variables and Control Flow

We may define Python variables in a Ren'Py script and alter the flow of our story depending on their values. Python statements start with a $ or an indented python: block.

Adding variables to our previous choice menu:

menu: "Which way should we go?" "Left": tom "Let's check out the trail on the left!" $ is_lost = True "Right": tom "Right is always the right way to go!" $ is_lost = Falsescene bg forest noon with Dissolve(3.0)scene bg forest dusk with Dissolve(3.0)show laura sad at left with moveinleftlaura "It's getting late. Are you sure we aren't lost?"if is_lost: show tom sad at right with moveinleft tom "I hope not, but I have a bad feeling about this."else: show tom happy at right with moveinleft tom "We are fine. Look! There's the end of the trail." tom "I'm the best scout around."

See the end of this post for my handcrafted resources for working with Python in Ren'Py.

How to Play Music

According to Ren'Py's Audio docs, playing music and sound effects is as easy as the following:

play music "mozart.ogg"play sound "woof.mp3"

How to Save and Load the Game

Ren'Py has done all the heavy lifting for us and has a built-in save and load system.

Other Customization You Can Do

Currently in our dialogue, the entire line of text is displayed at once, instead of character by character. We may change the variable preference.text_cps (CPS stands for character per second) in options.rpy like this.

default preferences.text_cps = 20

There is even more that we can customize in gui.rpy (GUI stands for Graphic User Interface, which includes the textbox and menu choice items that we have seen) or screens.rpy.

What Else is Ren'Py Capable of?

Ren'Py's capability extends way beyond displaying text and images. I may go as far as to say that Ren'Py is about as capable and versatile as Python itself.

With the Pygame module, it is possible to create complex mini games in Ren'Py. I myself have created and open-sourced a few mini games, including a chess engine that integrates with the Stockfish chess AI as well as a rhythm game engine that automatically generates the beat map for any music file.

Resources

This tutorial should help get you started with Ren'Py. It's always useful to refer to the official documentation as you learn the more advanced features to add buzz to your project.

I've also created some course material to help you brush up on Python fundamentals and their capabilities in Ren'Py scripts.

Check out my course intro video on YouTube:

Thanks for reading and have fun telling your story!